Good practices

All the relevant basics are covered. Now let's talk about some good practices.

JSON renaming

Due to Rust style, all our message variants are spelled in a camel-case (opens in a new tab). It is standard practice, but it has a drawback - all messages are serialized and deserialized by serde using those variant names. The problem is that it is more common to use snake cases (opens in a new tab) for field names in the JSON world. Fortunately, there is an effortless way to tell serde to change the casing for serialization purposes. Let's update our messages with a #[serde] attribute:

src/msg.rs

use cosmwasm_std::Addr;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub struct InstantiateMsg {
    pub admins: Vec<String>,
    pub donation_denom: String,
}
 
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub enum ExecuteMsg {
    AddMembers { admins: Vec<String> },
    Leave {},
    Donate {},
}
 
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub struct GreetResp {
    pub message: String,
}
 
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub struct AdminsListResp {
    pub admins: Vec<Addr>,
}
 
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub enum QueryMsg {
    Greet {},
    AdminsList {},
}

JSON schema

Talking about JSON API, it is worth mentioning JSON Schema. It is a way of defining the structure of JSON messages. It is good practice to provide a way to generate schemas for contract API. The good news is that there is a crate that would help us with that. Go to the Cargo.toml:

Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "contract"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"
 
[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
 
[dependencies]
cosmwasm-std = { version = "2.1.4", features = ["staking"] }
serde = { version = "1.0.214", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
cw-storey = "0.4.0"
thiserror = "2.0.3"
cw-utils = "2.0.0"
schemars = "0.8.21"
cosmwasm-schema = "2.1.4"
 
[dev-dependencies]
cw-multi-test = "2.2.0"

There is one additional change in this file - in crate-type (opens in a new tab) I added "rlib". "cdylib" crates cannot be used as typical Rust dependencies. As a consequence, it is impossible to create examples for such crates.

Now go back to src/msg.rs and add a new derive for all messages:

src/msg.rs

use cosmwasm_std::Addr;
use schemars::JsonSchema;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug, Clone, JsonSchema)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub struct InstantiateMsg {
    pub admins: Vec<String>,
    pub donation_denom: String,
}
 
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug, Clone, JsonSchema)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub enum ExecuteMsg {
    AddMembers { admins: Vec<String> },
    Leave {},
    Donate {},
}
 
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug, Clone, JsonSchema)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub struct GreetResp {
    pub message: String,
}
 
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug, Clone, JsonSchema)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub struct AdminsListResp {
    pub admins: Vec<Addr>,
}
 
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug, Clone, JsonSchema)]
#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub enum QueryMsg {
    Greet {},
    AdminsList {},
}

You may argue that all those derives look slightly clunky, and I agree. Fortunately, the cosmwasm-schema (opens in a new tab) crate delivers a utility cw_serde (opens in a new tab) macro, which we can use to reduce a boilerplate:

src/msg.rs

use cosmwasm_std::Addr;
use cosmwasm_schema::cw_serde;
 
#[cw_serde]
pub struct InstantiateMsg {
    pub admins: Vec<String>,
    pub donation_denom: String,
}
 
#[cw_serde]
pub enum ExecuteMsg {
    AddMembers { admins: Vec<String> },
    Leave {},
    Donate {},
}
 
#[cw_serde]
pub struct GreetResp {
    pub message: String,
}
 
#[cw_serde]
pub struct AdminsListResp {
    pub admins: Vec<Addr>,
}
 
#[cw_serde]
pub enum QueryMsg {
    Greet {},
    AdminsList {},
}

Additionally, we have to derive the additional QueryResponses (opens in a new tab) trait for our query message to correlate the message variants with responses we would generate for them:

src/msg.rs

use cosmwasm_std::Addr;
use cosmwasm_schema::{cw_serde, QueryResponses};
 
#[cw_serde]
pub struct InstantiateMsg {
    pub admins: Vec<String>,
    pub donation_denom: String,
}
 
#[cw_serde]
pub enum ExecuteMsg {
    AddMembers { admins: Vec<String> },
    Leave {},
    Donate {},
}
 
#[cw_serde]
pub struct GreetResp {
    pub message: String,
}
 
#[cw_serde]
pub struct AdminsListResp {
    pub admins: Vec<Addr>,
}
 
#[cw_serde]
#[derive(QueryResponses)]
pub enum QueryMsg {
    #[returns(GreetResp)]
    Greet {},
    #[returns(AdminsListResp)]
    AdminsList {},
}

The QueryResponses (opens in a new tab) is a trait that requires the #[returns(...)] attribute to all your query variants to generate additional information about the query-response relationship.

Now, we want to make the msg module public and accessible by crates depending on our contract (in this case - for schema example). Update your src/lib.rs:

src/lib.rs

use cosmwasm_std::{entry_point, Binary, Deps, DepsMut, Env, MessageInfo, Response, StdResult};
use error::ContractError;
use msg::{ExecuteMsg, InstantiateMsg, QueryMsg};
 
pub mod contract;
pub mod error;
pub mod msg;
pub mod state;
 
#[entry_point]
pub fn instantiate(
    deps: DepsMut,
    env: Env,
    info: MessageInfo,
    msg: InstantiateMsg,
) -> StdResult<Response> {
    contract::instantiate(deps, env, info, msg)
}
 
#[entry_point]
pub fn execute(
    deps: DepsMut,
    env: Env,
    info: MessageInfo,
    msg: ExecuteMsg,
) -> Result<Response, ContractError> {
    contract::execute(deps, env, info, msg)
}
 
#[entry_point]
pub fn query(deps: Deps, env: Env, msg: QueryMsg) -> StdResult<Binary> {
    contract::query(deps, env, msg)
}

I changed the visibility of all modules - as our crate can now be used as a dependency. If someone would like to do so, he may need access to handlers or state.

The next step is to create a tool generating actual schemas. We will do it by creating an binary in our crate. Create a new src/bin/schema.rs file:

src/bin/schema.rs

use contract::msg::{ExecuteMsg, InstantiateMsg, QueryMsg};
use cosmwasm_schema::write_api;
 
fn main() {
    write_api! {
        instantiate: InstantiateMsg,
        execute: ExecuteMsg,
        query: QueryMsg
    }
}

Cargo is smart enough to recognize files in src/bin directory as utility binaries for the crate. Now we can generate our schemas:

TERMINAL

cargo run schema

I encourage you to go to the generated file to see what the schema looks like.

The problem is that, unfortunately, creating this binary makes our project fail to compile on the Wasm target - which is, in the end, the most important one. Fortunately, we don't need to build the schema binary for the Wasm target - let's align the .cargo/config file:

[alias]
wasm = "build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --release --lib"
wasm-debug = "build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --lib"
schema = "run schema"

The --lib flag added to wasm cargo aliases tells the toolchain to build only the library target - it would skip building any binaries. Additionally, I added the convenience schema alias so that one can generate schema calling simply cargo schema.

Disabling entry points for libraries

Since we added the "rlib" target for the contract, it is, as mentioned before, useable as a dependency. The problem is that the contract dependent on ours would have Wasm entry points generated twice - once in the dependency and once in the final contract. We can work this around by disabling generating Wasm entry points for the contract if the crate is used as a dependency. We would use feature flags (opens in a new tab) for that.

Start with updating Cargo.toml:

Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "contract"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"
 
[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
 
[features]
library = []
 
[dependencies]
cosmwasm-std = { version = "2.1.4", features = ["staking"] }
serde = { version = "1.0.214", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
cw-storey = "0.4.0"
thiserror = "2.0.3"
cw-utils = "2.0.0"
schemars = "0.8.21"
cosmwasm-schema = "2.1.4"
 
[dev-dependencies]
cw-multi-test = "2.2.0"

This way, we created a new feature for our crate. Now we want to disable the entry_point attribute on entry points - we will do it by a slight update of src/lib.rs:

src/lib.rs

#[cfg(not(feature = "library"))]
use cosmwasm_std::entry_point;
use cosmwasm_std::{Binary, Deps, DepsMut, Env, MessageInfo, Response, StdResult};
use error::ContractError;
use msg::{ExecuteMsg, InstantiateMsg, QueryMsg};
 
pub mod contract;
pub mod error;
pub mod msg;
pub mod state;
 
#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "library"), entry_point)]
pub fn instantiate(
    deps: DepsMut,
    env: Env,
    info: MessageInfo,
    msg: InstantiateMsg,
) -> StdResult<Response> {
    contract::instantiate(deps, env, info, msg)
}
 
#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "library"), entry_point)]
pub fn execute(
    deps: DepsMut,
    env: Env,
    info: MessageInfo,
    msg: ExecuteMsg,
) -> Result<Response, ContractError> {
    contract::execute(deps, env, info, msg)
}
 
#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "library"), entry_point)]
pub fn query(deps: Deps, env: Env, msg: QueryMsg) -> StdResult<Binary> {
    contract::query(deps, env, msg)
}

The cfg_attr (opens in a new tab) attribute is a conditional compilation attribute, similar to the cfg we used before for the test. It expands to the given attribute if the condition expands to true. In our case - it would expand to nothing if the feature "library" is enabled, or it would expand just to #[entry_point] in another case.

Since now to add this contract as a dependency, don't forget to enable the feature like this:

[dependencies]
my_contract = { version = "0.1", features = ["library"] }

Handling funds